Distant Migration. Although women tend to migrate to the group of their husbands, genetic and historical records suggest that more distant migrations are initiated by men in search of material resources, social status, and reproduc­ tive opportunity (Carvajal-Carmona et al., 2000; Semino et al., 2000). A n example is provided by Carvajal-Carmona et al.’s assessment of m tD N A and Y-chromosome patterns in a Colombian (South America) population that was established by European settlers in the 16th and 17th centuries. The results revealed that the maternal ancestry is largely (more than 90%) Amerindian, whereas the paternal ancestry is largely (94%) European. When combined with the historical record of this population, these genetic patterns paint a picture o f m ale-m ale com petition in which European men displaced Amerindian men to the reproductive benefit of the former and at a large cost to the latter. Related studies have found similar though less extreme patterns in other Amerindian populations (Merriwether et al., 1997) as well as in Melanesia, South Asia, the Middle East, and southern China (Kayser et al., 2003; Quintana-Murci et al., 2004).